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Unit 1 - Operate vehicle
Operating the vehicle can be broken down into these five elements: 1. Make sure the vehicle is safe. 2. Get ready to drive. 3. Move off. 4. Use instruments and switches. 5. Stop.
1.1. Make sure the vehicle is safe
1.1.1. Make sure that the vehicle is legal to drive.
Check all these:
current, valid registration sticker;
inflation and valve caps - all tyres, including spare;
all lights;• windscreen wipers;
horn; and
the vehicle’s bodywork.
If you need further information read Section 1.4 of drive safe.
1.1.2. Check basic maintenance points.
Check these items:
the windscreen is clear;
there is enough air pressure in the tyres (look at the tyre sticker in the car to find out the correct amount.);
There is enough fuel;
the fluids under the bonnet are at their correct levels - engine oil, radiator coolant, brake fluid, steering fluid and windscreen washer bottle;
the electrical connections under the bonnet are secure; and• fan belts are in good condition and correctly tensioned.
1.1.3. Make sure that when you leave the vehicle it is parked safely.
Check these points:• the handbrake is holding the vehicle;
a manual vehicle is in first gear (if it is on the flat or facing uphill) or reverse gear (if it faces downhill);
the tyres are turned towards the kerb;• an automatic is in park;• the ignition is locked;
the windows are closed;
the key is removed;
all the doors are locked;
the vehicle is legally and safely parked (read Drive Safe for full details); and
the parking position is safe.
1.2. Get Ready to Drive
1.2.1. Check whether you meet the legal requirements to drive.
You have a learner’s permit or a driver’s licence with you.
The vehicle has the proper plates on it (L or P).
You are following any special conditions on your licence or permit (for example, driving aids like special controls, contact lenses or glasses).
Make sure you comply with any restrictions on your licence or permit.
1.2.2. Check that you can find the controls and that they work properly.
Check each one of these:
security system and steering lock - find out how to operate them;
handbrake - find it, put it on and make sure it feels firm;
footbrake - should also feel firm;
gears - where they are, and how many there are;• clutch - how its pedal feels to move;
position of accelerator; and• instruments, switches and controls - where they are and how they work.
1.2.3. Sit in the driver’s seat in a way that lets you control and operate the vehicle effectively.
Here are the important points for a good driving posture:
Sit with your legs apart, and your left foot on the brace if there is one.
The seat supports your legs, and you can fully press the clutch pedal
with your left foot.
Your knees are slightly bent and will not lock into a straight position if you fully stretch them.
Your hands can make a full turn of the steering wheel, and there is a slight bend in the elbows when your shoulders are against the seat.
Adjust the head restraint (if you can) to suit the height of your head. It’s usually about level with the top of your ear.
Adjust the seat height, and its base and back supports, to suit you.
Adjust the steering wheel to suit you. Make sure it doesn’t block the instruments or cramp your legs.
1.2.4. Adjust the mirrors to see as much as possible.
The rear window shows evenly in the centre mirror.
In the side mirrors you can just see the tip of your door handle in the lower edge of the mirror.
1.2.5. Put on and adjust the driver’s seat belt.
These are the important points for correctly putting on your seat belt:• the lower part of the belt fits below the stomach;
there are no twists in the belt where it touches your body;
make the belt firm - pull out any slack between the belt and your body; and
adjust the shoulder height if the facility to do so is available.
1.2.6. Make sure the inside of the cabin is safe.
Make sure nothing is loose inside the car - store things in the boot or glove box if you have to.
In a station wagon or a van, make sure that any cargo cannot move about.
Close the doors (and lock them if you feel safer that way).
Make sure the passengers have put on their seat belts and adjusted them.
1.2.7. Set the climate control and demisters.
Set them for the conditions you expect on this journey.
1.3. Move Off
1.3.1. Start the engine.
Make sure you know the best way to start this vehicle so that it will run, and keep running. The vehicle should be standing still when you start the engine.
Make sure you know what to do if the engine does not start the first time or if it does not keep running.
1.3.2. Select gear.
Keep the vehicle stopped and hold it with the footbrake before you select a gear.
The gear you select will be the one that lets the vehicle move off in the right direction without straining the engine.
1.3.3. Move off smoothly.
You should move off without jerking the car.
If you make a mistake while moving off you should be able to fix it immediately and not allow the mistake to affect other parts of your driving.
You should ensure the handbrake is fully released.
1.3.4. Move off on a hill.
This can be either uphill or downhill.
You should move off without rolling the wrong way. It is not necessary to use the handbrake if you can take off smoothly without it.
You should be able to move off without jerking the car.
If you make a mistake while moving off you should be able to fix it immediately and not allow the mistake to affect other parts of your driving.
1.4. Use instruments and switches.
1.4.1. Check the gauges and warning lights after the engine starts.
You must know what to do if warning lights do not go off at the proper times. You should also know what to do if the gauges tell you there is a problem.
1.4.2. While driving, respond to gauges and warning lights by taking the necessary action.
• You must know what to do when warning lights come on or gauges say there is a problem.
• You should respond to warning lights and gauges in less than thirty seconds.
1.4.3. Use switches and other controls as you need them.
The switches and other controls include:
lights* indicators, horn and hazard lights
wipers
climate and ventilation controls
cruise control* the side window
equipment for entertainment and communications.
1.5. Stop
1.5.1. Stop the vehicle.
When you stop, you should not strain any of the car’s mechanical parts or jerk the vehicle.
The vehicle should stand safely, with the engine running.
1.5.2. Use the park brake to hold the vehicle in place.
If you are going to leave the vehicle, or if you will not be driving away again immediately, you must put on the handbrake.
Pull hard enough on the handbrake to hold the vehicle still (as hard as if you were starting on a hill).
1.5.3. Switch the engine off.
Do this in a way that suits the vehicle.
1.5.4. Select a gear that makes the vehicle safe.
Place an automatic vehicle in ‘Park’.
Place a manual vehicle in first or reverse gear. When you are facing uphill on a steep slope, select first gear; when you are facing downhill, select reverse.
Unit 2 - Guide and control vehicle
These are the skills you need to accurately drive and position the vehicle on the road:
1. Manoeuvre the vehicle 2. Manage the accelerator 3. Manage the brakes 4. Manage the steering 5. Use the gears 6. Use accelerator, brakes, steering and gears smoothly and together.
2.1. Manoeuvre Vehicle
You must be able to do these manoeuvres:
straight reversing;
reversing left and right;
parallel reverse parking (from left and right sides);
parallel forward parking;
angle parking 45° and 90° (from left and right sides); and
U-turns, including 3-point turns.
To do all these, there are some things you must do.
2.1.1. Make the manoeuvre legal.
Making it legal includes:
how and where you stop
where you park.
Read Drive Safe page 3.4.
2.1.2. Before you start the manoeuvre check in the mirrors, signal with the indicators and check the rear blind spot.
To give other drivers enough warning, you need to signal at least 30 metres before you stop to park.
The indicators should flash at least three times.
2.1.3. Check that the manoeuvre is safe.
Look over the whole area where the vehicle will go during the manoeuvre, and then check that it is safe to continue. You should not get in other road users' way any more than you have to while you are manoeuvring.
2.1.4. Select the right place to start.
Move to a starting position that suits what you want to do. For example, approach a forward angle park so that you can get in with the smallest possible number of movements.
In parallel parking the starting position is between a half and one metre out from a vehicle that is already parker. Remember, don't get in other people's way if you can avoid it.
2.1.5. Keep watching.
You may use the mirrors to help you. But don't adjust the mirrors on the passenger's side while you are manoeuvring.
You may look in more than one direction while you are manoeuvring, but you must look in the right direction at the right time. For example, when you are doing a reverse parallel park, you must check that as the front of your vehicle swings in, it will clear the parked vehicle in front.
2.1.6. Control direction and speed precisely.
While you are performing the manoeuvre the vehicle has to go the way you want it to.
The movements must be steady and smooth.
Keep the speed slow enough so that you can compensate for any mistakes you make.
2.1.7. Place the vehicle accurately at the end of the manoeuvre.
Do not touch the kerb or ride up on it. The number of car movements each manoeuvre should take are as follows:
reverse parallel park - three;
forward parallel park - one;
angle park - one;
U-turn - one; and
three-point turn - three.
2.2. Manage Accelerator
2.2.1. Move the accelerator smoothly on and off to change speed.
'Smoothly' means in small movements. When you use the accelerator it should not jerk the people in the vehicle.
2.2.2. Use the accelerator to keep a steady speed.
On a level road you must be able to keep a steady speed for a certain time by adjusting the accelerator smoothly.
2.2.3. Use the accelerator to deal with a hill.
When you meet a hill - up or down - where you don't need to change gears, you need to be able to adjust the accelerator to keep to the same speed.
2.3. Manage Brakes
2.3.1. Brake efficiently.
Use the brakes as the main means for slowing the vehicle.
Use the brakes mainly while the vehicle is travelling straight.
Choose the best part of the road surface for braking.
When going down hills use the engine braking to help the vehicle's brakes.
Do not skid.• Vary the brake pressure according to changes in the road surface.
2.3.2. Brake smoothly and steadily.
Brake gently at first, and then apply pressure smoothly until the vehicle is slowing as much as you want. Just before stopping, ease off the pressure (to avoid jerking your passengers), and then ease the pressure back on.
Use your right foot on the brake pedal.
2.3.3. Stop accurately at a point.
Vary the brake pressure to make the vehicle come to a steady stop.
The vehicle must stop within one metre of the chosen stopping point.
2.4. Manage Steering
2.4.1. Steer smoothly making the vehicle go exactly where it should.
Steer with both hands unless you are using other controls.
Don't grip the wheel any tighter than you have to.
Sit so that you can properly control and operate the vehicle.
When you are steering and 'straightening up' the vehicle, it should always be going exactly where it should. For example, if you are letting the steering wheel slip through your fingers, the car has to keep following the correct path. Use the steering method that best suits you, but you should always be able to turn the wheel further if you have to.
2.4.2. Steer an accurate course when driving in a straight line.
Steer with both hands unless you are using other controls.
The hands should be outside the wheel with the palms on the rim at about the ten to two or quarter to three position. Don't grip the wheel any tighter than you have to.
2.4.3. Steer an accurate course in curves.
Steer with both hands unless you are using other controls. Don't grip the wheel any tighter than you have to.
When steering through a turn or curve, sit so that you can effectively control and operate the vehicle.
2.5. Use Gears
2.5.1. Change gears smoothly.
'Smoothly' means that changing gears does not jerk the passengers.
You must be able to finish selecting a gear in 5 seconds or less. (Time this from when you first move the clutch pedal to when you have fully released it again.)
When you change to a lower gear, smoothly match the engine speed to the road speed.
If your vehicle is an automatic, avoid 'kickdown' by using the accelerator gently, and by selecting a lower gear yourself before you need it.
2.5.2. Use a suitable gear for the speed and driving conditions.
'Suitable' gear means the engine is not over-revving or straining.
Pick a gear that will not cause the vehicle to skid.
Select the gear before you need it, for example before going down a steep hill.(You do not always have to select gears in 'gearbox order'. For example, you can go straight from 5th to 2nd if necessary.)
2.5.3. Change gears mainly while the vehicle is travelling in a straight line.
A gear change is not over until you have released the clutch pedal.
This means you should also release the clutch pedal while you are still travelling in a straight line.
At an intersection or curve you should not change gears while you are turning the steering wheel.
You may change gears in a turn only if you are not turning the steering wheel at the same time and if the gear change does not unbalance the vehicle. You may sometimes need to do it this way when you are turning at intersections.
2.5.4. When changing to a lower gear, get the speed right first.
Adjust your speed so that when you change gear it does not jerk the vehicle, or make the engine over-rev.
Slow down first using the brakes before you change gear.
2.5.5. When going down hills, select a suitable gear
A 'suitable gear' here is one which can help with braking if necessary. It can also mean that you do not have to use the brakes too hard, or for too long.
2.6. Match controls smoothly together
2.6.1. When braking into a turn, ease off the brake pressure to suit the increasing steering load.
If you are putting the brakes on firmly as you come into a turn, you must ease off the braking as you start turning the steering wheel, so that the tyres can have enough grip to steer.
2.6.2. When you are holding the steering steady in a turn, keep the speed steady.
This means that the vehicle does not accelerate much.
2.6.3. When driving out of turns, accelerate to match the steering straightening up.
Steering should be reducing as the car accelerates.
2.6.4. Adjust steering, braking and acceleration to variations in the road surface.
You should be able to adjust smoothly, and the vehicle should be able to safely handle major changes in speed or direction.
It will be unsatisfactory if:
your adjustments jerk the passengers in the vehicle;
you ask too much of the tyres (obvious noise from the tyres); or
the tyres are about to lose grip.
2.6.5. Combine braking and gear changing efficiently.
Brake, and change gear, mainly while the vehicle is travelling straight.
The action should not jerk the passengers.
Finish each gear change in a reasonable time.
The engine speed does not go too high as you finish selecting the gear.
The wheels are driving again before you do any steering.
2.6.6. In turns and on poor surfaces prevent automatic transmissions from 'kicking down'.
Use the accelerator gently. You can also change manually to a lower gear before a turn or a bad surface
Unit 3 - Drive in an orderly traffic system
These are driving techniques you use in a traffic system where everyone is obeying the rules.
Eventually you can use these techniques almost without thinking.
To drive in an orderly traffic system you do these things:
1. Use driving procedures. 2. Pick routes through the road system. 3. Pass through the road and traffic system. 4. Travel with traffic and respond to it. 5. Drive efficiently in the traffic system. 6. Adjust your driving for poor visibility
3.1. Use Driving Procedures
Driving procedures are drills or routines that help drivers deal with things that they do regularly. Competent drivers have these as habits - which means that they can do them almost without thinking.
3.1.1. Before you move the vehicle more than one vehicle’s width to the side: check in the mirrors, use the signals and look in the rear blind spot.
Do this in situations like changing lanes, entering slip lanes or turning lanes when you come up to intersections, lanes ending and merging, entering and leaving traffic flow, U-turns, entering and leaving freeways, or responding to emergency vehicles.
When leaving a parked position, the indicator should be on for 3 seconds or 3 flashes before moving off.
Your indicators should start at least 30 metres before starting the manoeuvre; and stay on until you have finished it. You must turn them off within three flashes after completing the manoeuvre.
Check the rear blind spot just before you start to move sideways.
3.1.2. Before entering any zone where something could cause you to slow or stop: check in the mirrors, adjust your speed, and select the best gear.
Do this especially at places like intersections, roundabouts and crossings (pedestrian crossings, pelican crossings, railway crossings). Other places where you should do it are where you find pedestrians, cyclists, parked vehicles and road works.
Use the mirrors together with the brakes. This means you check the mirrors just before you brake.
3.1.3. Before turning the vehicle at an intersection: check in the mirrors, use the signals, adjust speed, and change gears.
Do this anywhere that roads meet: intersections, roundabouts and turning into driveways.
Indicators should be on for a minimum of 30 metres before you start the manoeuvre. You must turn off the signals within three flashes after completing the manoeuvre.
3.1.4. Before you enter a curve: check in the mirrors, brake as needed, change gears as needed.
Do this at curves in city and country areas.
Use the mirrors together with the brakes. This means you check the mirrors just before you brake.
[ 本帖最后由 kaku32 于 2-6-2008 12:15 编辑 ] |
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发表于 12-2-2008 18:13:29
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楼主
钱省了做老婆本吗
发表于 13-2-2008 09:23:00
发表于 13-2-2008 22:09:50
