英语交流 今日: 1 |主题: 2700|排名: 51 

最后发表： 艾米
回复内容：
Thank you very much.      

最后发表： 艾米
回复内容：
惭愧啊！

最后发表： pinxinge
回复内容：
抛开具体事情不谈，英文确实流畅，赞一个！

最后发表： 留民
回复内容：
还真复杂啊。

最后发表： 留民
回复内容：
鬼子这里有个ground floor,上次还碰到一个lower ground,一般LG就是指这个，结果电梯坐到地下室了。
LG/ G真的很tricky啊

最后发表： wenny
回复内容：
有誰告訴我，在墨爾本的Doncaster有家教堂可以每星期2次免費學英語？我英語基礎不好，很急於提高，如果有其它的地方可以學英語，也望告知~~·謝謝！

最后发表： pinxinge
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ABC是雅思7分就能听懂的吗？ 老大，你的雅思听力是靠听懂了才做题啊，呵呵。

最后发表： nizi
回复内容：
不用斑竹替你转，自己发过去更加好，便于别人寻找，另外，如果你真心发广告，去别的网站，例如sunbrisbane,不过，我真没看出来你这个老师在哪个城市，恕本人才疏学浅。

最后发表： wenny
回复内容：
呵呵，謝謝啦！

最后发表： pinxinge
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原文来自：http://goaustralia.about.com/cs/language/a/aussiespeak2.htm Australian Language Common Words and Phrases
By Larry Rivera, About.com Guide

To better understand the Australian languge, here's a list of some common Australian words and phrases. While some of them may be colloquial in usage, they are commonly used in spoken or written Australian. They are neither Aussie slang, nor the more esoteric rhyming slang, although the distinctions are too fine to worry about. Britons will find the Australian language easier as the United Kingdom and Australia do have many similar, even identical, words and phrases commonly used.  So here's something to barrack forParticularly for North Americans (Canadians included), here are some common Aussie words and phrases to know:  barrack for. Cheer. as in barrack for the Blues (a sports team). Warning: Don’t use root willy-nilly unless you know what it means in Australian. battler. Someone who tries hard despite money problems. bitumen. Paved road, asphalt. bludger. One who won’t work and usually relies only on Social Security payments. bonnet. Hood (of a car) boot. Trunk (of a car) bottle shop. Liquor store. bushfire. Forest fire, wildfire. bushranger. Outlaw, highwayman. BYO. Bring your own (wine). Said of restaurants without a liquor licence. cask (of wine). Boxed wine ready to drink from a spigot. chemist, or chemist’s. Pharmacy or drugstore. come good. Turn out okay. cut lunch. Sandwiches. deli. Milk bar, delicatessen. esky. Insulated container (usually to keep beer cold). flake. Shark meat, what you usually get in fish and chips. give it away. Give up. grazier. Cattle or sheep farmer. holidays (sometimes colloguially shortened to hols). Vacation. knock. Criticise. lamington. Sponge cake covered in chocolate and coconut. lift. Elevator. lolly. Candy. lay-by. Buy on instalment without taking the goods until fully paid for. milk bar. Usually a general store. newsagent. Newspaper shop. non-smoking area. No smoking area. offsider. Assistant or partner. out of pocket. Spent more than was received. pavlova. Meringue and cream dessert. perve. Be a peeping Tom, or to look with lust. From pervert. pictures. The movies, cinema, as in Let's go to the pictures. ratbag. A weirdo or something like that. ropable. Extremely angry or bad-tempered. sealed. Paved, as in sealed road. Not a dirt road. shellacking. Criticism for a thorough and shameful defeat. shonky. Dubious, unreliable. shopstealing. Shoplifting. sunbake. Sunbathe. takeaway. Take out, to go. windscreen. Windshield (of a motor vehicle).

最后发表： happysky
回复内容：
学习了。。。。。。。。

最后发表： happysky
回复内容：
学习了。。。。。。。。。。

最后发表： pinxinge
回复内容：
这是我刚写的，许多年没有求过职了，还请楼主和众高手赐教。

****
***, ****
***, Melbourne, Victoria

Dear HR manager,

I saw your advertisement for an Applications Support Analyst on SEEK website. It interested me because the job description sounds like an exact match with my personal background.
I'd been working in *** China for more than 8 years and my job role was Senior IT specialist in technical support team. I specialized in ***/*** and acted as a senior member in supporting projects of China's major financial clients, including *** Data Center Consolication project and *** Data Exchange Center project. In these mission critical projects. My major resonsibility is to assist customers in solution design, application development and system implementation using application integration middleware and my cross-platform skill got high recognition from both customers and *** management team.
I highly believe my experience and strong trouble shooting skills will certainly help a lot in your projects. If you would like to get more information, feel free to contact me.

I'm looking forward to your reply. Thanks.

Sincerely, ***

最后发表： houge
回复内容：
3楼牛皮癣，请自裁。。。

最后发表： aupp
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最后发表： sususu119
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Thanks for your time and I really appreciate your help.

最后发表： 指纹
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Chapter 3 Political History I
Two Third Plenums and the Interim 1978-84
The Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee, 18-22 December 1978, introduced the policies of reform under the leadership of Deng Xiaoping. The first half-decade from the end of 1978 saw policy changes in the economy in the direction of the market and free enterprise in the countryside. The Cultural Revolution was totally negated and China seemed able to throw out all the Maoist propaganda which had been so deleterious to the Chinese revolution as a whole. The legal system, which had been all but destroyed as a result of the Cultural Revolution, made tentative steps towards revival. Economic and social freedoms of various sorts became permissible. Deng Xiaoping appeared able to solve any leadership struggles in the top echelons of the Party or state with reasonable ease.
The economy boomed and the standard of living rose everywhere, especially in the countryside. There were problems, of course. The revived law system did not prevent the worsening of corruption, and crime began to assume worrying proportions. There were quickly signs that intellectuals were losing enthusiasm for socialism, and some were even turning their backs on it. But in general things appeared to be going well.
The Third Plenum of the Twelfth Central Committee met in October 1984. Its task was to extend the economic reforms in the countryside to the cities by loosening up state controls over prices and management. It thus introduced a new and important stage in reform, but one which turned out to be rather less successful than the first.
The Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee
The Third Plenum was the climax of a series of major high-level meetings which had taken place behind the scenes as posters calling for changes in direction appeared on the 'democracy wall' in Beijing. It formalized decisions reached in those meetings about the future policy of the CCP and its leadership. One writer has called it 'the fulcrum, which he [Deng] had sought for nearly two decades, with which he could move the Chinese nation dramatically on to a new track in its search for identity’.
Deng Xiaoping had been critical of the slow pace of modernization under Hua Guofeng. He also pushed for a much more radical rejection of the Cultural Revolution than Hua Guofeng was willing to countenance. The Third Plenum showed very clearly that Deng was getting his way. It was the single most important point in his phoenix-like rise to ascendancy. Although Hua Guofeng remained in the position of CCP Chairman and Premier of the State Council, his influence was sharply on the wane from then on, and his disappearance as a major power-holder was only a matter of time.
The main decision of the Third Plenum was to push modernization far more strongly than in the previous years:
Now is an appropriate time to take the decision to close the large-scale nationwide mass movement to expose and criticize Lin Biao and the 'gang of four' and to shift the emphasis of our Party's work and the attention of the people of the whole country to socialist modernization... Socialist modernization is therefore a profound and extensive revolution. There is still in our country today a small handful of counter-revolutionary elements and criminals who hate our socialist modernization and try to undermine it. We must not relax our class struggle against them, nor can we weaken the dictatorship of the proletariat. But as Comrade Mao Tsetung [Zedong] pointed out, the large-scale turbulent class struggles of a mass character have in the main come to an end.
This statement signaled not only the end of the campaign against the 'Gang of Four', but, at least for several years, any other campaigns that seemed remotely similar to the sort of political-ideological movements which had characterized Mao's last years. In particular, the lid was opened on criticism of the Cultural Revolution. The Plenum suggested that the Cultural Revolution should 'be viewed historically, scientifically and in a down-to-earth way' and that its shortcomings and mistakes 'should be summed up at the appropriate time'. In fact, Deng Xiaoping detested the Cultural Revolution - not surprising considering how deeply he had suffered as a result of it - and his intention was to move to discredit it altogether in due course.
Other major policy decisions of the Third Plenum pointed in the same direction of a new deal for China and against the policies of Mao's last years. The Tiananmen Incident of April 1976 was reinterpreted. Whereas the power-holders of the time, mainly Mao and the 'Gang of Four', had castigated it as a 'counter-revolutionary political incident', the Third Plenum described it as the unfolding of a 'great revolutionary mass movement'. Nowhere was the hand of Deng Xiaoping more clearly visible than in this 'reversal of verdicts'. What had followed immediately on the Tiananmen Incident of 1976 was the confirmation of Hua Guofeng as Premier and a major acceleration of the mass campaign of criticism against Deng Xiaoping. In other words, Hua had done very nicely out of the Tiananmen Incident, whereas for Deng had come only humiliation and bitterness. Hua must have been extremely uneasy about the 'Third Plenum's view of the Incident, no matter how strong his public endorsement of it may have been.
Hua was right to worry. He was deposed as Premier at the Third Session of the Fifth National People's Congress in September 1980 and as Party Chairman at the Sixth Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee, which met 27-29 June 1981. Zhao Ziyang replaced him as Premier, and Hu Yaobang as CCP Chairman. Both were strong supporters of Deng Xiaoping and his reformist policies, and equally strong critics of the Cultural Revolution. In particular, Hu Yaobang had served under Deng Xiaoping as early as the period of the war against Japan. He had been head of the Chinese Youth League in Beijing from 1952 until the League was destroyed, and Hu himself purged, in 1966 at the onset of the Cultural Revolution.
The Third Plenum ushered in extensive changes in more or less all major spheres of life. Apart from the legal system and the economy, these included ideology, education, literature and the arts, the minority nationalities and religion. Some of them are discussed in other chapters of this book.
Although Deng Xiaoping is rightly regarded as the prime leader of the reforms in China, he was at all times absolutely insistent that China should remain socialist. It was he who formulated the terminology, or jargon, around which the debate over the speed and nature of socialist modernization was joined. He summed up the new ideology appropriate to the period of reform in the phrase 'socialism with Chinese characteristics'. He first specified the requirement that the Chinese people must oppose 'bourgeois liberalisation' and 'uphold the four cardinal principles' which, he declared in a major speech in March 1979, were 'the basic prerequisite for achieving modernisation':
* We must keep to the socialist road.
* We must uphold the dictatorship of the proletariat.
* We must uphold the leadership of the Communist Party.
* We must uphold Marxism-Leninism and Mao Zedong Thought.
Putting the matter in very stark terms, Deng later declared that 'the essence of the four cardinal principles is to uphold Communist Party leadership'. In other words, he perceived the principle of affirming the Leninist notion that the Party must on no account relinquish its monopoly on power, as the most important. On the other hand, 'the keystone of bourgeois liberalization is opposition to Party leadership'. Although Deng had thus laid down the parameters of change at the start of the reform period, it was not until the mid-1980s that upholding the cardinal principles and opposing bourgeois liberalization came to be a major concern of the CCP leadership.
Reform and the negation of the Cultural Revolution
The political history of China in the wake of Third Plenum can be viewed both as a trend in favour of reform and as reaction to the Cultural Revolution. These were two sides of the same coin. Rejection of the Cultural Revolution strengthened through a series of moves which reached a climax at the Sixth Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee in 1981.
An early sign of how reform meant negation of the Cultural Revolution was the complete abolition of the revolutionary committees at the Second Session of the Fifth National People's Congress in mid-1979. Early in 1978, these 'new-born things of the Cultural Revolution' had been restricted to organs of government. The Second Session passed laws establishing local people's congresses to replace these remaining revolutionary committees. The senior governmental positions at various levels changed accordingly. So, for instance, the most senior governmental position at province level had been the chairman of the provincial revolutionary committee, but was now the provincial governor.
In February 1980, several further steps were taken by the Fifth Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee in discrediting the Cultural Revolution. Four leaders with known sympathies for the Cultural Revolution and for Hua Guofeng were dismissed, including Wang Dongxing, who had actually managed the arrest of the 'Gang of Four' in October 1976. At the same time, the main target of the Cultural Revolution, Liu Shaoqi, was rehabilitated posthumously. The decision of October 1968 to expel Liu Shaoqi from the CCP and to dismiss him from all posts both inside and outside the CCP, which had been taken at Mao's behest, was not only reversed but condemned as the 'biggest frame-up our Party has ever known in its history’. Liu's death in prison in November 1969 was for the first time revealed, and a memorial service was held in his honour. Official pronouncements were careful to blame Lin Biao, the 'Gang of Four' and so on for Liu's death, but his rehabilitation was certainly a major slap in the face for Mao's memory and for the Cultural Revolution.
In August 1980, Deng Xiaoping gave a major speech to the Politburo on his vision of political reform. Naturally he blamed the Cultural Revolution for the fact that China's political system had suffered so severely and become so very undemocratic and 'feudal'. Part of his argument was that Lin Biao and the 'Gang of Four' had contrived to persecute so many good cadres that virtually everybody, including the young, had become too cowed to express an opinion or to take any administrative initiative.
Deng advocated a major separation of the roles and powers of the Party and the government. He believed there was too great a concentration of power, with too many senior leaders holding too many posts both in the Party and the government. He called for tighter rules on the retirement of old cadres and a major infusion of young blood into the CCP and government at all levels, affirming his faith in the youth against attacks that they 'may be too inexperienced and not equal to the tasks'. He attacked bureaucracy and patriarchal ways throughout society, denouncing the old way of thinking which had demanded subservience to old age. Deng's stated ideal was that China should 'practise people's democracy to the full...and develop a political situation marked by stability, unity and liveliness’. He was probably quite genuine in this belief. After all, what he had in mind was not Western-style democracy, but a kind which would preserve his 'four cardinal principles', especially Party leadership, and conform to 'socialism with Chinese characteristics'. He may not have bargained either for the direction which the process of democratization would take or for the extent to which he would be unable to control it.
In calling for political reforms Deng was speaking from bitter experience and his position gained very widespread support. Attempts were made to implement his ideas over the next few years-some fairly successfully, but others much less so. Certainly, after 1978 freedom in society increased. There was more tolerance of religion. Early in 1979 the PRC'S first national conference on the study of religion was held in Kunming, Yunnan province. Later in the year, Chinese Muslims went on a pilgrimage to Mecca for the first time since 1964. The arts blossomed and became incomparably more varied and interesting. Traditional drama, which had been totally banned during the Cultural Revolution, revived quickly and prolifically.
From 20 November to 29 December 1980, a specially formed court held a trial of sixteen persons involved in the Cultural Revolution. Of these, ten were living, among whom the 'Gang of Four' were the most important, and six dead, including Lin Biao. Some legal implications of the trial are considered in Chapter 13. The trial also had very considerable political significance, especially in the negation of the Cultural Revolution, which was on trial as much as the people accused. The main charge against the living defendants was of framing and persecuting CCP and state leaders as well as large numbers of cadres and ordinary people. For the first time, specific figures of the number of sufferers were issued: according to the indictment, in twelve major cases 729 511 people were framed and persecuted, of whom 34 800 were persecuted to death.
The climax of the moves to discredit the Cultural Revolution was the Sixth Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee in June 1981. The Plenum issued a long document called ‘On Questions of Party History', which analysed and assessed the history of the CCP from its beginnings until the aftermath of the Third Plenum, including reference to various ideological issues (discussed at greater length in Chapter 10) and to the career and status of Mao Zedong. The Plenum adopted the view that the CCP had done very well until the late 1950s, when things began to go wrong due to 'left' influence. 'The Great Leap Forward was basically a mistake caused by the impatience of Mao and other leaders for quick results. But the main barbs of the document were reserved for the Cultural Revolution itself, which it portrayed as a total disaster without any redeeming features:
The 'cultural revolution', which lasted from May 1966 to October 1976, was responsible for the most severe setback and the heaviest losses suffered by the Party, the state and the people since the founding of the People's Republic. It was initiated and led by Comrade Mao Zedong. ..The history of the 'cultural revolution' has proved that Comrade Mao Zedong's principal theses for initiating this revolution conformed neither to Marxism-Leninism nor to Chinese reality. They represent an entirely erroneous appraisal of the prevailing class relations and political situation in the Party and state. ..
Practice has shown that the ‘cultural revolution' did not in fact constitute a revolution or social progress in any sense, nor could it possibly have done so. It was we and not the enemy at all who were thrown into disorder by the 'cultural revolution'.
The Sixth Plenum went on to analyse the Third Plenum, claiming that it 'marked a crucial turning point of far-reaching significance in the history' of the CCP since 1949. It alleged that Hua Guofeng had made serious mistakes during his tenure of power, mainly in being far too slow to renounce the Cultural Revolution. That confirmed Deng's final victory in his ideological battle with Hua Guofeng.
The status of Mao Zedong
The main personality involved in the deliberations over the Cultural Revolution was, of course, Mao Zedong. It had been obvious that the immense power wielded by the 'Gang of Four' was due to Mao's backing. Indeed, should not one rather speak of a 'gang of five', with Mao as the most important member? During the trial of 1980, Jiang Qing defended herself against all charges by arguing that everything she had done was on orders from Mao. She told her judges that their purpose was 'to make me stink, and through me to make Chairman Mao stink, so as to revise the development of Marxism-Leninism and the immense contributions Chairman Mao made'.
The negation of the Cultural Revolution, and especially the trial of the sixteen, could not possibly avoid affecting Mao's status. In particular, one question inevitably bulked large: if sixteen leaders of the Cultural Revolution, including virtually all the luminaries of the period, were criminals, why was Mao still regarded as a great revolutionary leader? Was not he the biggest criminal of them all?
Deng Xiaoping repeatedly insisted that while Mao had made serious mistakes in his later years, his reputation should remain fundamentally intact. After all, as Deng told a foreign journalist in August 1980, 'for most of his life, Chairman Mao did very good things. Many times he saved the Party and the state from crises.’ But towards the end of his life he began to go wrong. He lost touch with reality and began to go 'counter to the style of work he himself had advocated'. However, because of his major earlier contributions, Mao could not be compared in any way with criminals like Jiang Qing. Naturally this line was echoed by the official press, but that did not ease concern among many ordinary people. The argument that Mao had made major contributions beforehand did not really absolve him for wrongdoings during the Cultural Revolution. If there was one point on which Deng Xiaoping and Jiang Qing could agree, it was that Mao was primarily responsible for the Cultural Revolution and it was he who was giving the orders at that time.
Nevertheless, Deng resisted sweeping downgrading of Mao because of the effects on legitimacy of the CCP and the regime. Deng himself made this point clear when, in June 1981, a few days before the Sixth Plenum was to convene, he told a preparatory meeting that 'certain recent remarks about some of Comrade Mao Zedong's mistakes' had gone too far. He asked that the excesses should be corrected 'so that, generally speaking, the assessment will conform to reality and enhance the image of the country and the Party as a whole’. His reference to China's and the CCP's image is very revealing: whether good or bad, Mao's role in the history of the CCP was just too towering to allow him to be fully discredited. The 'limits of criticism' of Mao were dictated by the need to preserve the authority of the CCP.
The Sixth Plenum did duly criticise the actions of Mao in his later years. It attacked not only the mistakes he had made during the Cultural Revolution, but also the fact that he had allowed or encouraged such a disaster to occur in the first place. It charged him with arrogance and other faults. At the same time, it reaffirmed that 'Comrade Mao Zedong was a great Marxist and a great proletarian revolutionary, strategist and theorist', whose 'contributions to the Chinese revolution far outweigh his mistakes' and whose 'merits are primary and his errors secondary’.
The aftermath of the Sixth Plenum
The Sixth Plenum was like a purging of the Chinese system. A definitive official assessment and rejection of the Cultural Revolution allowed attention to shift more fully to issues of reform. From that time, the Cultural Revolution did not dominate Chinese politics in the same way it had in the previous period.
Nevertheless, China was confronted with a problem of confidence, especially among young people. The Chinese people had been told, 'believe in radical revolution' and then soon afterwards told, 'radical revolution is nonsense and harmful; believe in reform'. Many were left feeling confused and deceived. The new reformed order encouraged them to get rich, and that is precisely what they did as far as they could. But the implication was that their order of priorities had changed. Whereas love of country and the people and loyalty to the Party had been primary, the top priority was now self and family, with the people and the country, let alone the Party, a long way down the list. The Party found itself faced with a 'crisis of faith’. Even more serious, the new attitudes and values produced by reform, together with the greater freedom, paved the way for growth in the extent of corruption.
When the Twelfth National Congress of the CCP met in 1982 it endorsed the conclusions of the Sixth Plenum and took several further reform measures, as well as confronting such problems as the crisis of faith and corruption. The two main changes in the Party system were abolition of the post of CCP Chairman and establishment of a new Central Advisory Commission. The first of these measures flowed directly from the criticism of the excessive power the single figure of Mao Zedong had been able to wield, especially during the Cultural Revolution. Hu Yaobang was appointed General Secretary of the CCP, which from this time on was the most senior formal position within the Party.
The Central Advisory Commission, composed of veteran Party leaders, was supposed to act as assistant and consultant to the Central Committee, and thus contribute to sharing power. However, the first person to be appointed to chair it was none other than Deng Xiaoping, who also remained Chairman of the Central Committee's Military Commission. The effect of the Twelfth Congress was actually to increase Deng's power, even though he showed no aspirations to the job of General Secretary.
In his report to the Congress, Hu Yaobang raised the issue of 'socialist spiritual civilisation', presented as a kind of recipe to counter the crisis of faith and the growing corruption. 'While working for a high level of material civilization,' he said, 'we must strive to build a high level of socialist spiritual civilization. This is a strategic principle for building socialism'. The two aspects of this socialist spiritual civilization were cultural and ideological, with each permeating the other. The people should accept a working-class world outlook, communist ideals, beliefs and moral values, including a collectivism corresponding to a system of socialist public ownership-in other words, precisely all the values which appeared to be deteriorating more quickly than ever under the impact of reform. Hu also echoed Deng Xiaoping's demand for a socialist democracy and an improvement in the CCP's system of democratic centralism. 'Undemocratic practices and patriarchal ways have still not been eradicated in many organizations,' he said. He attacked the corruption which he recognised as very destructive of inner-Party life, and which he saw as getting worse: while claiming that discipline inspection committees, the Party's organs charged with countering corruption, had made some progress, he also acknowledged that they had met 'considerable, and in some cases shocking, obstruction in their work'. Clearly the route towards 'socialist spiritual civilisation' would not be easy.
At the end of 1982, the National People's Congress adopted the PRC's fourth constitution, revising substantially the 1978 constitution. One revision which again showed rejection of the Cultural Revolution was that the post of President of the PRC, abolished by Mao, was now restored. It was ironical that only a few months after the Twelfth Party Congress had removed the Party chairmanship, a post to which Mao himself had lent such lustre for so long, the State Constitution should restore the post which he had acted to eliminate. In 1983, Li Xiannian was appointed (or, technically, elected by the National People's Congress) to fill the post.
Despite the rejection of the Cultural Revolution and the mainly successful implementation of reform, problems of corruption and 'crisis in faith' increasingly confronted the CCP leadership. In October 1983, the Second Plenum of the Twelfth Central Committee decided to undertake another ideological campaign, directed against 'spiritual pollution'. The campaign was a minor shift against an over-hasty pace of reform, but was not a rejection of reform itself. Although it was the closest thing to the Maoist style of campaign since the Third Plenum of 1978, it did not have an impact in any way similar to campaigns during Mao's time. Intellectuals and artists, among others, experienced some serious tension in the late months of 1983, with the banning of a few dramas and other works of art and fears of a renewed purge. By the beginning of 1984, however, the influence of the campaign had waned to the extent that many people were no longer taking it seriously and few were still worried about it.
The Second Plenum also decided to implement 'an overall rectification of Party style and a consolidation of Party organizations over a period of three years'. The main problem was seen as 'the corrosive influence of decadent bourgeois ideology and remnant feudal ideas’-that is, influence of ideas from abroad, especially the West, and thinking left over from the past, especially China's Confucian traditional attitudes. What was not to be criticised was the process of reform. Some people were expelled from the Party and the CCP did indeed go through a formal process of 'consolidation' over three years. However, the effects on the CCP were rather less than spectacular.
If the campaign against 'spiritual pollution' signified a minor trend towards slowing down the pace of reform, the Third Plenum of the Twelfth Central Committee, in October 1984, saw a swing back in the opposite direction. The decision of the Third Plenum focused mainly on the economy, concerning such matters as the price system. Issues such as management policy in urban units were also involved. Directors were given greater powers to hire and fire, disposing of the old idea that worker's in a socialist society could never be sacked. The idea of absolute egalitarianism was roundly condemned, simply because it prevented people from working hard and showing initiative. The widening gaps between rich and poor were of slighter concern than this disincentive. Just as reform really derived its origins from the Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee in 1978, the pace and extent of reform clearly took a very substantial step forward through the Third Plenum of the Twelfth Central Committee some six years later.
Conclusion
Change had been extraordinarily rapid in China between these two Third Plenums. Yet, the pace of different aspects of reform was uneven. Already economic modernization was beginning to outstrip its political partner. Although some aspects of society were becoming distinctly 'modern', there were others in which the trend appeared to be in precisely the opposite direction-towards the reinstatement of very ancient traditions. The reference which the Second Plenum of the Twelfth Central Committee made to the corrosive influence of feudal ideas must be taken seriously. The lifting of restraints had allowed back all kinds of traditional ideas and customs, including not only neutral or beautiful ones such as religious worship or traditional dramas and festivals, but also some less worthy, like superstitions, patriarchal domination of the young and of women, and ill-treatment of mothers failing to bear sons.
Many in the West noted the return of market mechanisms and free enterprise with enormous enthusiasm. Here was a communist party which seemed to be making genuine progress towards something which, if not really capitalism, was at least beginning to look like it. Although the situation changed greatly in the following period, it is doubtful that, as of 1984, many in the top Chinese leadership were seriously worried that the reforms could lead to capitalism. The leading role of the CCP had not yet been seriously challenged. The dominance of state ownership of industry was still perfectly secure. The reforms could genuinely be identified as consistent with 'socialism with Chinese characteristics', which represented at least one interpretation of Marxism-Leninism. The new leadership could, and did, argue that it was not they, but the late Mao, who had departed from Marxism-Leninism.
The trouble was that the logic of reform implied the acceleration of change in a system which could not readily handle the shock. The policies of the Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee led directly on to those of the Third Plenum of the Twelfth Central Committee. And the second of these two Third Plenums unleashed forces with very serious long-term implications, such as the gathering pace of inflation. The reforms increasingly took on their own momentum. Deng Xiaoping had accused Mao of arrogance and becoming divorced from reality. Perhaps he was himself suffering from the same weaknesses if he thought he could keep the situation on an even keel indefinitely.

最后发表： 土豆饼
回复内容：
可以用哦~ 感谢，不过取词的时候双击有点不太习惯。

最后发表： naughtybaby
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既有海运来的，又有本地产的

最后发表： nizi
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One of the questions I’m repeatedly asked as a buyers agent is “When is the best time to buy a property?” The short answer is “when you can afford it”… but let’s dig a little deeper to find some more clues.

By RICH HARVEY

Property cycles

The property market moves in cycles and the market in Perth is typically at a different stage of the cycle to Sydney. Property markets rise and fall due to the effect of interest rates, population growth, migration, employment markets and consumer confidence – just to name a few.

Prices rise quickly in a rising market then level off before we hit the declining market stages and the cycle repeats itself. There are no precise rules around the timing of each property cycle as the economic conditions of each decade are often unique. Some investors espouse the rule that property doubles every seven to 10 years, but such a blanket cliché brings false hope.

The smart investor needs to identify where their local market currently sits in the property cycle and consider the effect this will have on buyer and vendor expectation of price. If we’re in a rising market (i.e. a sellers’ market), then there’s likely to be little price discounting, more auctions, multiple offers on the same property and lower days on market (i.e. properties will sell quickly after public listing). If we’re in a declining market (i.e. a buyers’ market), then we would most likely see properties taking much longer to sell, larger discounting and fewer offers on properties.

Time in the market vs timing the market

The longer you hold your property investment the more equity you gain (provided you have done your due diligence and purchased in a growth area). Trying to pick the peaks and troughs of markets is difficult. But buying when there’s pessimism and negative media can present excellent opportunities from motivated vendors. I try to do both – buy when the market is down and buy continuously in different areas.

Opportunity cost

The Achilles heel of the investor is typically procrastination. The opportunity cost of not taking action and investing in property is always seen a decade later. Just think about the prices houses in your own suburb were selling for 10 years ago (and don’t you wish you had bought more?).

Here are my tips on the best times to buy:

•    After auction – Vendors are typically “ripe” for negotiation immediately after an auction campaign. They’ve spent money on advertising, tested the market and received feedback from their sales agent. Vendors are usually more motivated at this point.

•    Winter – during the cooler winter months, there are usually less buyers around. Braving the cold and getting out to open homes can mean you pick up something with less competition.

•    End of financial year – some vendors may sell their property prior to the end of the financial year to minimise their tax. You might find the price is more negotiable from these vendors.

•    Christmas and Easter – deadlines bring decisions forward. I have noticed that vendors like to get a result before the two main holiday periods each year. The vendors just want to know they can move on, enjoy their holidays and know the sale is confirmed.

When you really consider it, property investing is about buying time, not real estate. Property prices move in cycles, and over time the property market goes up in value (in the right areas). Investing with a long-term perspective means you’re not trying to beat the short-term swings of the market.

Opportunities to buy well are available whatever stage of the cycle we’re in – but easier in a buyers’ market!

Rich Harvey is a buyers agent, economist and CEO of propertybuyer ®. Rich was awarded the 2009 national “Buyers Agent of the Year”, the “Award for Excellence” 2004-2008 by the REINSW and the 2007 National Telstra Business Award. Find your next property faster: http://www.propertybuyer.com.au

最后发表： gunpowder
回复内容：
阅读的话剑桥就可以了~
G类的阅读相对来说比较简单

最后发表： 依然逍遥
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http://www.dygod.net/

最后发表： tubang
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在线等。。 谢谢

最后发表： koubeiyinxiao
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来源：上 海新东方学校

作者：邱政政老师

想学好英语，首先要有兴趣。

整日捧着词汇书和阅读题，不可能产生多大兴趣。

其实，

培养兴趣的方式很多。

除了看电影，学英语这种普遍认知的好方法外，

多阅读和品味一些经典的大牌广告，

不失为一种感受英语魅力的好方法。

以下这个总结很不错，推荐给朋友们。

邱政政

1.Time is what you make of it。(Swatch)

　　天长地久。(斯沃奇手表)

　　2.Make yourself heard。(Ericsson)

　　理解就是沟通。(爱立信)

　　3.Engineered to move the human spirit。(Mercedes-Benz)

　　人类精神的动力。(梅塞德斯-奔驰)

　　4.Start Ahead。(Rejoice)

　　成功之路，从头开始。(飘柔)

　　5.A diamond lasts forever。(De Bierres)

　　钻石恒久远，一颗永流传。(第比尔斯)

　　6.Fresh-up with Seven-up。(Seven-up)

　　提神醒脑，喝七喜。(七喜)

　　7.Intel Inside。(Intel Pentium)

　　给电脑一颗奔腾的“芯”。(英特尔 奔腾)

　　8.Connecting People。(Nokia)

　　科技以人为本。(诺基亚)

　　9.For the Road Ahead。(Honda)

　　康庄大道。(本田)

　　10.Let us make things better。(Philips)

　　让我们做得更好。(飞利浦)

　　11.Enjoy Coca-Cola。(Coca-Cola)

　　请喝可口可乐。(可口可乐)

　　12.Generation Next。(Pepsi)

　　新 的一代。(百事)

　　13.The Relentless Pursuit of Perfection。(Lexus)

　　追求完美永无止境。(凌志汽车)

　　14.Communication unlimited。(Motorola)

　　沟通无极限。(摩托罗拉)

　　15.Feast your eyes。(Pond’s Cucumber Eye Treatment)

　　滋润心灵的窗户。(旁氏眼贴片)

　　16.Focus on life。(Olympus)

　　瞄准生活。(奥林巴斯)

　　17.Behind that healthy smile，there ’s a Crest kid。(Crest toothpaste)

　　健康笑容来自佳洁士。(佳洁士牙膏)

　　18.Good to the last drop。

　　滴滴香浓，意犹未尽。(麦斯威尔咖啡)

　　19.Obey your thirst。

　　服从你的渴望。(雪碧)

　　20.The new digital era。

　　数码新时 代。(索尼影碟机)

　　21.We lead，others copy。

　　我们领先，他人仿效。(理光复印机)

　　22.Impossible made possible。

　　使不可能变为可能。(佳能打印机)

　　23.Take time to indulge。

　　尽情享受吧！(雀巢冰激凌)

　　 24.Poetry in motion, dancing close to me。

　　动态的诗，向我舞近。(丰田汽车)

　　 25.Come to where the flavour is. marlboro country。

　　光临风韵之境——万宝路世界。(万宝路香烟)

　　26.To me, the past is black and white， but the future is always color。

　　..。。对我而言，过去平淡无奇；而未来，却多姿多彩(轩尼诗酒)

　　27.Just do it.

　　只管去做。(耐克运动鞋)

　　28.Ask for more。

　　渴望无限。(百事流行鞋)

　　29.The taste is great。

　　味道好极了。(雀巢咖啡)

　　 30.Feel the new space。

　　感受新境界。(三星电子)

　　31.Intelligence everywhere。

　　智慧演绎，无处不在。(摩托罗拉手机)

　　32.The choice of a new generation。

　　新一代的选择。(百事可乐)

　　33.We integrate, you communicate。

　　我们集大成，您超越自我。(三菱电工)

　　34.Take Toshiba, take the world。

　　拥有东芝，拥有世界。(东芝电子)

　　35.No business too small, no problem too big。

　　没有不做的小生意，没有解决不了的大问题。 (IBM公司)

你还见过或听过哪些，欢迎来分享下！

邱政政

最后发表： nizi
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It’s one of the largest and ugliest jobs in a property management business. It’s the reason property managers can win managements and lose them, and it’s the reason some investors sell their investment property and never enter this wealth race again. It’s the difference between good tenants and bad – late rent

BY EMILY SIM

The legislation says we have to give the tenant time to pay their rent but the landlord must make their mortgage payment or they’re charged interest and permanently scarred right down to the line item in the eyes of their lender.

In an attempt to make business more profitable, retain landlords and staff, property management businesses have been looking for a way to collect the rent that meets their clients’ requirements. Enter the rent payment system.

These magnificent systems allow tenants to pay rent using online banking methods. Bpay, direct debit, transfer from any of their bank accounts including credit cards. When the rent payment systems entered the property management world, we thought property management and the ancient art of collecting rent would be saved.

There’s a glitch though…

Rent payment systems incur a fee for use. Much like when one uses an ATM separate from their own bank and incurs about a $2 fee. Or like the fee associated with making the car payment online or surcharge for using AMEX or Diners Club cards.

What actually resulted was a massive debate over who should pay this fee. The tenant or the landlord? Even the recent residential tenancies bill passed in the New South Wales Parliament remains grey on this subject.

Because of this fee, for using a service, tenants don’t want to use these methods to pay their rent. In some cases, this fee is as low as $1.65 including GST. Without a rent payment system property managers and landlords are as good at collecting rent as they were in 1980. We have the technology to make a difference and it does save the user time but the resistance remains…

Most property managers will agree; when a tenant agrees to pay their rent via direct debit, the rent is paid in accordance with the terms of the tenancy agreement. Hence the push for tenants to continue to use rent payment systems despite the fee.

Here’s the question though, as a landlord if it meant that the tenant would agree to pay their rent by direct debit, would you agree to pay the fee?
For any landlord that has ever suffered the hardship of frequently late paying tenants, I think the answer would be yes. For the inconvenience that late rent causes, would you rather pay the $1.65 and know the rent is paid?

I know it’s the tenant’s responsibility and you shouldn’t have to take on the payment of this fee to be assured of what you’re entitled to. I do, I understand that. The legislation isn’t going to assist on that delivery, unfortunately. So, in an attempt to just move this monthly annoyance from our lives, would we say yes?

Emily Sim is the brains behind property management online community – www.apmasphere.com. With a career that includes senior roles at McGrath Partners and the Ray White Group, Emily is dedicated to finding new ways to deliver wealth to property investors. Email: emily.sim@apmasphere.com.au

最后发表： nizi
回复内容：
If you’re considering making your owner-occupied home an investment property down the track, then you need to consider the loan’s structure from the very beginning.

By CHRIS ACRET

There’s a lot more to sourcing and managing the finance around a property purchase than simply telling your bank how much deposit you’ve got, what security you’re offering and getting a loan ‘off the shelf’.

Quite often lenders and their loan consultants take a ‘one size fits all’ approach to arranging a loan, but financing just isn’t like that.

For example, if it’s part of your longer-term plans to make your owner-occupied home an investment property in the future, you’ll need to think about the way you structure the initial loan.

Taking this into consideration from the outset ensures the property can easily be turned into an investment property down the track.

As part of this strategy, you would generally look to put in only the minimum necessary deposit initially, keeping the remaining funds in an offset account, to maximise the debt and minimise the interest payments that need to be made while it’s an owner-occupier property.

However, your lender may be keen for you to put the maximum deposit in from the outset and may not be proactive in providing advice on how to manage the loan so it’s easily turned into an investment loan in the future.

The aim is to pay minimal interest while you’re living in the property, because there are no tax deductions during that time, but at the same time keep your options open.

When you turn it into an investment property it still has a high level of debt on it for tax effectiveness and you have access to every available dollar in the offset account for the deposit on your new owner-occupied property.

Lenders will always tell you what they need to ethically and legally but it’s important to remember that while they want to help you, their business needs are their primary consideration.

Lenders’ policies and options vary considerably from one lender to another. In fact, there’s a significant disparity between lenders on interest rates, fees and credit policies.

There tends to be a widespread view that all banks are the same, but when you make comparisons between lenders, it quickly becomes clear that’s not the case.

It’s important to shop around – and consider the advice of an experienced mortgage adviser who has access to information on loans from multiple lenders.

Chris Acret is the managing director of Smartline Personal Mortgage Advisers, which is a multi award-winning franchise group that has built a reputation for advice and client care. Around 85 per cent of Smartline’s business comes from personal recommendation. Visit www.smartline.com.au

最后发表： pinxinge
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难者不会，会者不难。单论5分水平，个人以为可能听力反而最难。

最后发表： nizi
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Some types of holiday accommodation in Australia are suffering from lower occupancy rates, while figures show a rise in the use of caravans among domestic vacationers.

According to figures from the Recreational Vehicle Manufacturers Association of Australia (RVMAA), more Australians are holidaying on the road than ever before.

The total number of recreational vehicles manufactured over the 2009-2010 financial year grew 18.4 per cent to meet a substantial increase in consumer demand.

Camper trailer and caravan manufacturing figures increased by 28.4 per cent and 20.9 per cent respectively, showing some of the strongest growth in the entire Australian manufacturing sector in the wake of the global financial crisis (GFC).

With more Australians taking to the road to holiday, using caravans as their accommodation, that could be having an impact on other types of holiday accommodation in the country.

However, more Australians are believed to be holidaying domestically rather than going overseas which is good news for those investors with properties providing holiday accommodation.

RVMAA president Richard Raven says strong growth in the manufacturing of recreational vehicles is due to Australians increasingly seeing more value in holidaying at home than travelling abroad.

"Fluctuating currencies and expensive airfares are making Australia a much more attractive travel destination than ever before," he says.

The increase in consumer demand for the caravanning lifestyle contributed to the caravan and holiday park industry exceeding $250 million in revenue in the March quarter, for the first time in history.

Caravan, RV and Accommodation Industry of Australia (CRVA) chief executive officer Ben Yates says the strong financial and manufacturing figures demonstrate just how resilient the caravan and holiday park industry is, in light of the GFC.

"Our industry has proven that it's practically recession proof," he says. "In the midst of shrinking revenue levels across the board in almost all of our competitor markets, the caravanning and holiday park industry continues to boom."

Yates doesn't know whether the booming numbers in the caravan industry would be having a direct impact on other tourism sectors such as holiday homes, but he notes that there's been flat growth in other tourism industries compared to growth of 8.7 per cent in revenue for the caravan and holiday park industry over the year ending March 2010.

最后发表： nizi
回复内容：
How would you describe your personal sales philosophy and in what way does it differ from most other salespeople?
Early on in my career, I adopted a 'business within a business' mentality,which certainly played a major part in my success. Every day I turned up to work and treated the bisiness as if it was my own. When you adopt this mind-set, the results are extraodinary. The excuse list is torn up and empowerment, accountability and responsibility come into play as you go about your daily actions and interactions with customers. You become accountable for your own destiny.

最后发表： nizi
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Over 50s should consider strategy
Posted on Saturday, July 10 2010 at 12:00 AM

Over 50s can lose money both now and later if they use the incorrect strategy for their investment properties, according to property investing expert, educator and mentor Jennie Brown.

She says there's confusion among mature Australians about whether property is an investment opportunity available to them due to their comparably shorter income earning years ahead of them.

"It's true that many investment property strategies focus on earning capital growth and making money on it over the longer term," she says. "And it's true that most properties have risen in price at a faster pace than inflation in the last 10 or so years.

"This is why all the experts say that real estate is the most exciting type of investment that there is.

"It is also a reason why property has done so well and been the investment avenue of choice for so many over recent years.

"However, the issues with the 'buy and hold' strategy when you are over 50 years old are long mortgage terms, and ongoing costs and expenses while you wait to make your fortune."

Brown says over 50s who are able to purchase an investment property outright are in the best position to benefit from the passive income an investment property provides.

"With the same amount of money, I would suggest they purchase newer, low cost, multiple dwellings rather than a single, more expensive house, simply because their rental income will potentially be increased with multiple investment properties," she says.

Meanwhile, for over 50s who can't buy an investment property outright, Brown suggests strategies that make money over a shorter period of time.

"If they can get approval to subdivide from one property into two, or two into four, then that would be ideal and they can make money over a nine to 12-month timeframe," she says.

"Strategies like this are often easier, less time consuming and more profitable than the traditional renovation type strategy."

最后发表： hidec
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Ms Gillard has backed away from suggestions the centre would definitely go ahead after it was revealed she had only discussed the plan in a phone conversation with East Timor's president Jose Ramos-Horta。

back away 在这里怎么翻译。这个句子的成分如何划分呢？谢谢

最后发表： nizi
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最后发表： pinkladypig
回复内容：
这里的NATIVE 是指土著人吗

最后发表： tiantianbon
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你认为你是属于实干的那类人吗？

最后发表： auatb
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机器翻译！

最后发表： 蓝豆豆
回复内容：
bang ding

最后发表： keepdancing
回复内容：
嘻嘻！小孩教我的
flying dog吸血蝙蝠
怎么你一上了天，就不是你了呢？

最后发表： qingxizhou
回复内容：
No women, No kids.
What happens after the husband and/or father is killed?

最后发表： bibili
回复内容：
mark 一下啊

最后发表： 天线宝宝1
回复内容：
多聊，其实说多了他们也没得可说。